Reference · German A1-2 · Cheat Sheet #1

Grammar Cheat Sheet: Lessons 1-110

One page, everything at a glance. For full explanations, follow the lesson links - this page is for fast recall, not first-time learning.

The four cases

CaseRolederdiedasplural
Nominativesubjectderdiedasdie
Accusativedirect objectdendiedasdie
Dativeindirect obj. / fixed prepsdemderdemden(+n)
Genitivepossession (mostly written)des(+s)derdes(+s)der

ein/kein/mein etc. follow the same pattern, minus the -r/-s in masc./neut. nominative. Lessons: 7, 18, 44.

Dative-only prepositions

mit, nach, bei, von, zu, aus, seit, vor (always dative, no exceptions). Lesson 18, 78.

Two-way prepositions

in, an, auf, über, unter, vor, hinter, neben, zwischen — Wohin? → accusative (movement); Wo? → dative (location). Lesson 34.

Verb conjugation patterns

Pronounregularseinhabenmodal (e.g. können)
ich-ebinhabekann
du-stbisthastkannst
er/sie/es-tisthatkann
wir/sie/Sie-ensindhabenkönnen

Modal rule: ich = er/sie/es always. Six modals: möchten, können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen - infinitive goes to the end. L3, L11, L49.

Word order

Statementverb always 2nd element
Yes/no questionverb first
W-questionquestion word, then verb
weil / dass / ob / als / wenn clauseverb to the very end

L5, L26, L69, L82.

als vs. wenn vs. ob

alsone specific PAST event only
wennrepeated events, or present/future "when/if"
ob"whether" (embedded yes/no question)

The Perfekt (past tense)

[haben/sein, conjugated] ... [participle, at the end]. Most verbs → haben; motion/change-of-state (gehen, fahren, kommen, sein, werden) → sein. Regular: ge-...-t. Inseparable prefixes (be-, ver-, ent-, er-, zer-, emp-, miss-, ge-) skip ge- entirely. L16, L72.

Separable vs. inseparable verbs

Separable (stressed prefix)einkaufen → kaufe ... ein / eingekauft
Inseparable (unstressed: be-,ver-,ent-,er-,zer-,emp-,miss-,ge-)verstehen → verstehe (whole) / verstanden

L15, L72.

Negation

kein/keine negates a noun that would take ein/eine or nothing. nicht negates everything else (verbs, adjectives, definite nouns). Lesson 13.

Adjective endings (quick version)

After sein → no ending, always safe. Before a noun, after der/die/das → mostly -e, masc. accusative -en. After ein/eine → -er (masc. nom.), -e (fem.), -es (neut.), -en (masc. acc.). Lesson 22.

Comparatives & superlatives

groß → größer → am größten. Irregular: gut→besser→am besten; viel→mehr→am meisten; gern→lieber→am liebsten. "than" = als. Lesson 31.

Pronoun families

ichduersie(she)esSie
accusativemichdichihnsieesSie
dativemirdirihmihrihmIhnen
reflexivemichdichsichsich

L28, L42.

Possessives & der-words (same ending family as ein/kein)

mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer, Ihr — same endings as ein/kein. jeder, welcher, dieser — same endings as der/die/das. L32, L93.

Dative-object verbs (flip the expected subject)

helfen, gehören, gefallen, schmecken, passen — the "liked/belonging thing" is the subject; the person is dative. "Die Wohnung gefällt mir" = I like the apartment. Lesson 98.

Quantifiers & indefinites

viel/wenig (singular) vs. viele/wenige (plural). mehrere/einige/alle (plural only). etwas/nichts/jemand/niemand (invariable). L92, L95.

The imperative

Sie-form: verb first, same as a question (Kommen Sie!). du-form: drop -st (Komm!). Add bitte to soften. Lesson 25.

man (impersonal "one/you/they")

Conjugates like er/sie/es. Used for rules and general statements: "Hier darf man nicht rauchen." Lesson 87.

Numbers, time, dates

21-99: units-and-tens, one word (einundzwanzig). Ordinals: -te (2-19), -ste (20+), erste/dritte/siebte irregular. "halb zehn" = 9:30 (toward the next hour, not "half past"). German dates: day.month.year. Numbers ref, Time ref.

Compiled from Lessons 1-110. See Lesson Index for the full course, and topic-specific reference docs in this folder for deeper explanations.